Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: 1-(Arylsulfonyl-isoindol-2-yl)piperazines as 5-HT 6 R Antagonists: Mechanochemical Synthesis, In Vitro Pharmacological Properties and Glioprotective Activity

doi: 10.3390/biom13010012

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ): Functional dose-response curve of inhibition of cAMP production at 5-HT 6 R for selected compounds 3e , 3f , and 3g in 1321N1 cells. Data were obtained from three independent experiments run in triplicate. ( B ): Impact of compounds 3e , 3f , and 3g and SB-258585 on basal cAMP production in NG108-15 cells transiently expressing 5-HT 6 R. For each compound, six independent transfection experiments were performed, and data were measured in triplicate. Data are given as means ± SEM of the values.

Article Snippet: The ability of compounds 3e , 3f , and 3g to inhibit 5-CT-induced production of cAMP was assessed using 1321N1 cells expressing the human 5-HT 6 R (PerkinElmer) using previously described procedures [ , ].

Techniques: Functional Assay, Inhibition, Expressing, Transfection

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Activation of autophagy depends on Atg1/Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112807

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-Cdc37 , StressMarq Biosciences , Cat# SPC-142; RRID:AB_2570605.

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Proximity Ligation Assay, Software

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Drug class enrichment analysis for human PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2). P = 0.0013 for cell cycle, P = 8.3 · 10 -06 for DNA damage, P = 0.0003 for cytoskeleton. (b) PD-L1/2 mRNA expression in human cancer cell lines treated with palbociclib. (c) PD-L1/2 mRNA expression in human cancer cell lines after treatment with doxorubicin or palbociclib. (d) PD-L1/2 mRNA expression in murine cancer cell lines treated with doxorubicin. N = 3 experiments for (b-d). (e) Normalized PD-L1/2 mRNA expression measured by RNA sequencing. N = 4 biological replicates. (f) Growth curve and representative whole mount beta-galactosidase stainings of SK-MEL-103 xenografts in nude mice, untreated or treated with 100 mg/kg oral palbociclib, daily, once tumors reached 150 mm 3 (day 7-10). (g) PD-L1/2 mRNA expression in SK-MEL-103 cells treated with doxorubicin and the IKK inhibitor BAY 11-7082 (3 µM, 24 h). N = 11 control mice and 14 palbociclib-treated mice. (h) PD-L1/2 mRNA expression in SK-MEL-103 cells treated with TNF-α (100 ng/ml, 3 days). N = 3 experiments for (g-h). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two-sided t-tests or 1 way ANOVA with Tukey post-test were applied. For all the experiments in culture, senescence was induced with 200 nM doxorubicin for 48 h, 5 µM palbociclib for 7 days or 12 mU bleomycin for 48 h. Senescence was evaluated at day 7.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Expressing, RNA Sequencing Assay

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b , Representative images of SA-β-gal staining ( a , scale bar, 50 μm) and PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in human cancer cell lines treated with palbociclib ( b , n = 3 experiments). c , PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in murine cancer cell lines after treatment with doxorubicin ( n = 3 experiments). d , PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in SK-MEL-103 xenograft tumors in nude mice, treated with 100 mg kg −1 oral palbociclib for 10 days and euthanized after the treatment. Control ( n = 6 tumors); palbociclib-treated tumors ( n = 7). e , PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in HCmel3 tumors in C57BL/6 mice treated with 5 mg kg −1 doxorubicin (days 7, 10 and 17), analyzed after day 19. Control (n = 3 tumors); doxorubicin-treated tumors ( n = 6). f , PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in SK-MEL-28 cells treated with doxorubicin and then with the IKK inhibitor BAY 11-7082 (3 μM, 24 h, n = 3 experiments). g , PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expression in SK-MEL-28 cells treated with TNF-α (100 ng ml −1 , 3 days, n = 3 experiments). h , Quantification of PD-L2 protein levels using flow cytometry on the generation of a PD-L2 KO SK-MEL-103 cell line, under control and senescent conditions ( n = 3 experiments). i , PD-L2 staining of WT and PD-L2 KO SK-MEL-103 cells in culture (as cell pellets) and as xenograft tumors, untreated and treated with palbociclib. Scale bar, 100 μm. Insets: high-magnification images. Scale bar, 50 μm. Representative images of n = 3 experiments. j , PD-L2 protein levels measured using flow cytometry after induction of senescence with palbociclib, bleomycin or doxorubicin in different cancer cell lines on day 7 after induction. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity ( n = 3 experiments). Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. Two-sided t -tests or a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc test were used. k , Representative images of cell pellets stained for p21 and PD-L2 in Saos-2 and U2OS. Double staining was performed once. Scale bar, 100 μm. For all the experiments in culture, senescence was induced with 200 nM doxorubicin for 48 h, 5 µM palbociclib for 7 days or 12 mU bleomycin for 48 h. Senescence was evaluated at day 7.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Double Staining

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing of the human PDCD1LG2 locus, specifying the sgRNA binding site in exon 3. The sequence corresponds to the single clone of edited SK-MEL-103 cells used in the experiments labelled as PD-L2-KO SK-MEL-103. (b) Gating strategy for definition of PD-L2 positive populations in culture and (c) representative example (1 out of n = 3) of histogram for PD-L2 protein levels upon generation of a PD-L2-KO SK-MEL-103 cell line, in control and senescent conditions, measured by flow cytometry. The gating strategy in (b) applies to Figs. , and panel (d) in the present figure. (d) PD-L2 protein levels as measured by flow cytometry upon induction of senescence with palbociclib, bleomycin and doxorubicin in SK-MEL-103 cells. N = 3 independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 1-way ANOVA was applied. (e) Double staining of PD-L2 and active caspase-3 in Saos-2 and U2OS cell pellets, after treatment with palbociclib. (f) Double staining of PD-L2 and p21 (above) and PD-L2 and caspase-3 (below) in SK-MEL-103 cell pellets, after treatment with doxorubicin. Double stainings in (e) and (f) were performed once. Scale bars = 100 μm. For all the experiments in culture, senescence was induced with 200 nM doxorubicin for 48 h, 5 μM palbociclib for 7 days (unless otherwise indicated) or 12 mU bleomycin for 48 h. Senescence was evaluated at day 7 unless otherwise indicated.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: CRISPR, Binding Assay, Sequencing, Flow Cytometry, Double Staining

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing of the murine Pdcd1lg2 locus, specifying the sgRNA binding site in exon 3, that generated a bulk population of edited Panc02 cells. This bulk population was used in all the experiments labelled as PD-L2-KO Panc02. (b) Quantification of tumor growth for PD-L2-WT tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin on days 7 and 10, including an additional group treated with anti-PD-1 depleting antibody (200 µg), or the same dose of IgG isotype control, from day 3 after tumor cell injection, twice a week. N = 6 for PBS-injected mice, n = 5 for doxo-treated, n = 7 for doxo + anti-PD-1. (c) Growth curve of WT and bulk PD-L2-KO B16-OVA tumors in C57BL/6 mice, untreated or treated with doxorubicin on days 7, 10 and 17 after subcutaneous injection of cells. B16-OVA-WT n = 5 tumors, B16-OVA-KO n = 6, B16-OVA-WT + doxo n = 11, B16-OVA-KO + doxo n = 11. 2-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: CRISPR, Binding Assay, Generated, Injection

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Quantification of tumor growth for PD-L2 WT and KO Panc02 orthotopic tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin (4 mg kg −1 ) at days 7, 10 and 24. b , Representative images. PBS-injected groups ( n = 9 mice); doxorubicin-treated groups ( n = 10). c , Survival curve for the mice from a . d , Quantification and representative images of tumor growth for PD-L2 KO Panc02 tumors after doxorubicin treatment (4 mg kg −1 , days 7 and 10) and repeated injections with IgG isotype control, anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 blocking antibodies (100 μg per injection) from day 3 after tumor cell injection and repeated every 3 days. Inverted red triangles indicate day of doxorubicin treatment. Luminescence units are photons (p) s −1 in the graphs and p s cm − 2 steradian in the images. A two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test were used.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Injection, Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Quantification and representative images of Panc02 WT and PD-L2-KO tumors in nude mice, untreated and treated with doxorubicin on days 7 and 10. Luminescence units are photon/sec/cm 2 /stereoradian in the images. N = 3 for PD-L2-WT + PBS mice, n = 5 for PD-L2-KO + PBS, n = 6 for both doxo-treated groups. (b) Gating strategy to define circulating CD4 + and CD8 + T cell populations. (c) Percentage of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells among total CD45 + CD3 + cells in blood of mice after treatment with blocking anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies. N = 6-7 mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , t -distributed stochastic neighbor embedding ( t -SNE) plot including the different tumor-infiltrating immune subpopulations detected using mass cytometry. The plot shows the pooled data for a total of 16 mice corresponding to four experimental groups ( n = 4 mice for WT and PD-L2 KO, untreated or treated with doxorubicin). Doxorubicin (4 mg kg −1 ) treatment was administered on days 7 and 10, and samples were obtained on day 12. b , Quantification of the percentage of CD11b + Gr1 + cells, relative to total CD45 + cells, measured using mass cytometry. n = 4 tumors for each experimental group. Doxo, doxorubicin. c , Quantification of Gr1 + cells in sections of PD-L2 KO tumors treated with doxorubicin on days 7 and 10, subject to depletion of CD4 + ( n = 8 mice) or CD8 + ( n = 9) T cells (100 μg per injection, every 3 days from day 3) or the same dose of IgG ( n = 6) isotype control, and collected on day 28. d , Quantification of Gr1 + cells in sections of tumors generated by the coinjection of non-senescent ( n = 6 mice) PD-L2 KO Panc02 cells in combination with senescent Panc02 cells, either WT ( n = 5) or PD-L2 KO ( n = 5), evaluated 6 days after tumor cell injection. e , Representative quantification and images of tumor growth for PD-L2 WT tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin (4 mg kg −1 ) on days 7, 10 and 24, including an additional group treated with anti-Gr1 blocking antibody (200 μg per injection, started on day 3 and continued twice weekly) or the same dose of IgG isotype control ( n = 4,5 mice per group). Inverted red triangles indicate day of doxorubicin treatment. Luminescence units are p s −1 in the graphs and p s cm − 2 steradian in the images. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. A one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Mass Cytometry, Injection, Generated, Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Percentage of NK cells (NK1.1 + ), macrophages (CD11b + Gr1 - ) and lymphocytes (CD3 + TCRb + ) relative to total CD45 + cells, in WT and PD-L2-KO tumors untreated or treated with doxorubicin at days 7 and 10, analysed by mass cytometry. N = 4 mice for all conditions. (b) Percentage of PD-1 + cells among subsets of infiltrating T cells, analysed by mass cytometry. N = 3 mice for WT + PBS and PD-L2-KO + doxo, n = 4 for WT + doxo and PD-L2-KO + PBS (c) Quantification of tumor infiltrating CD3 + lymphocytes in WT and PD-L2-KO tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin, analysed by immunohistochemistry. N = 4 for PBS-treated groups and n = 5 for doxo-treated groups. None of the changes were significant (1 way ANOVA, Tukey post-test). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (d) Representative Gr1 stainings in sections of PD-L2-KO tumors treated with doxorubicin and subject to depletion of CD4 + (n = 8) or CD8 + (n = 9) T cells, as well as IgG-treated controls (n = 6) from Fig. .

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Mass Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) p21 staining in pellets from Panc02 cells, WT and PD-L2-KO, untreated or treated with doxorubicin (200 nM, 48 h, evaluated at day 7, n = 4 experiments). Scale bar = 100 μm. (b) GSEA plots for representative gene sets associated to cellular senescence in doxorubicin-treated versus untreated WT Panc02 cells, as well as in doxorubicin-treated (as described) versus untreated PD-L2-KO Panc02 cells at day 7 after treatment. DESEq2 was used for differential expression analysis with fold change shrinkage as implemented in the lfcShrink function. Functional enrichment analysis was performed over gene sets defined in the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection. Data from 4 biological replicates. (c) Absolute quantifications of intratumoral levels of CCL2 and interleukin 6 measured by a commercial multiplexed system with beads bound to antibodies, in WT and PD-L2-KO tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin (4 mg/kg, days 7, 10 and 24) and anti-Gr1 (200 µg per injection, as described for Fig. ), or the same dose of IgG isotype control. N = 5 mice per experimental condition. 1 way ANOVAs with Tukey post-tests were applied. (d) Relative levels of intratumoral cytokines and chemokines in WT and PD-L2-KO tumors, untreated or treated with doxorubicin (4 mg/kg, on days 7, 10 and 24, as described). N = 5 mice per experimental condition.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Functional Assay, Injection

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Quantification of p21 + cells using IHC in PD-L2 WT and KO Panc02 tumors treated with one dose of doxorubicin (4 mg kg −1 ) on day 7 and analyzed 24 h after (left), or treated twice with the same dose of doxorubicin at days 7 and 10, and analyzed at day 12 (that is, 5 days after the first dose of doxorubicin). PBS-injected groups ( n = 4 mice); doxorubicin-treated group for the 24 h experiment ( n = 5 mice); all groups at 5 days ( n = 5 mice) except for PD-L2 KO + PBS ( n = 4). b , Same experimental design as in a (right) in nude mice. Doxorubicin-treated groups ( n = 4 mice), PBS-injected group ( n = 5 mice). c , Representative staining of p21 and SA-β-gal in Panc02 tumors corresponding to the experiment in a . d , Quantification of the SA-β-gal of c . Doxorubicin-treated groups ( n = 4 mice); PBS-injected group ( n = 5 mice). e , Intratumoral levels of CXCL1 and CXCL2 in PD-L2 WT and KO tumors, treated with doxorubicin as in a . Treatment with anti-Gr1 (200 μg per injection) or the same dose of IgG isotype control was started on day 3 and continued twice a week, as described for Fig. . Mice per experimental group in all assays ( n = 5). Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. A one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Injection, Staining

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Tumor growth in PyMT mice treated weekly (from week 9 until week 12) with αPD-L2 alone (TY25, 10 mg kg −1 ) or the same dose of isotype control every 3 days, doxorubicin alone or a combination of both as indicated. αPD-L2 monotherapy ( n = 3 mice); PBS and doxorubicin + IgG groups ( n = 4); doxorubicin + αPD-L2 ( n = 5). Two-way ANOVA. Inverted red triangles indicate day of doxorubicin treatment. b , c , SA-β-gal, CD3, CD4 and CD8 staining of untreated tumors and tumors treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with αPD-L2 blocking antibody (TY25, 10 mg kg −1 ) or the same dose of isotype control ( b ), as in a , and analyzed at week 13 ( c ). Vehicle-treated group ( n = 4); doxorubicin-treated groups ( n = 5). Representative images are shown. Statistical significance shown versus the rest of the experimental conditions. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. Scale bar, 100 μm. d , SA-β-gal and PD-L2 costaining in tumor samples from PyMT mice treated weekly with doxorubicin (4 mg kg −1 ) at postnatal weeks 9–12. The indicated groups were treated with αPD-L2 (TY25, 10 mg kg −1 ), or the same dose of IgG isotype control, every 3 days. Representative images and quantification are shown. Samples were obtained at postnatal week 13 (that is, 7 days after the last doxorubicin dose). Vehicle-treated group ( n = 4 mice); doxorubicin-treated groups ( n = 5 mice). A one-way ANOVA was used for significant changes versus the rest of the conditions. Scale bar, 100 μm. e , SA-β-gal staining, p21 mRNA levels, PD-L2 mRNA levels and PD-L2 protein levels measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), with and without bleomycin treatment, in human head and neck cancer primary culture from patient VHIO-008. Gene expression ( n = 4 independent replicates); FACS ( n = 1). Scale bar, 50 μm. Two-sided t -tests were used.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Staining, Blocking Assay, Fluorescence, FACS, Expressing

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Body weight of PyMT mice during doxorubicin and anti-PD-L2 treatments, corresponding to Fig. . 2-way ANOVA. N = 3 mice for anti-PD-L2 monotherapy, n = 4 for PBS and doxo + IgG groups, n = 5 for doxo + anti-PD-L2. (b) Representative hematoxilin/eosin staining of liver and myocardium of animals treated with anti-PD-L2 (10 mg/kg) (n = 2 mice) or vehicle (PBS, n = 1) every three days for four weeks. Scale bar = 100 μm. (c) Individual replicates (n = 2 mice) of tumor growth curves in PyMT mice treated with doxorubicin and anti-PD-L2, together with blocking antibodies against CD4 (10 mg/kg) and CD8 (10 mg/kg), or the same dose of IgG isotype control, every three days for four weeks.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Staining, Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Cancer

Article Title: The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2

doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Gating strategy for detection of PD-L2 + cells in Fig. and in the following panels. (b-c) SABG staining, p21 mRNA levels, PD-L2 mRNA levels, and PD-L2 protein levels measured by FACS with and without bleomycin treatment in (b) human endometrial cancer primary culture from patient VHIO-35035 and (c) human melanoma primary culture from patient VHIO-088. N = 4 independent experiments for gene expression, n = 1 for FACS. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two-sided t-tests were applied. Scale bars = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Additional groups of mice were treated with anti-mouse PD-L2 (clone TY25, catalog no. BE0112, Bio X Cell), alone or in combination with doxorubicin.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Virology

Article Title: Identification of NK Cell Subpopulations That Differentiate HIV-Infected Subject Cohorts with Diverse Levels of Virus Control

doi: 10.1128/JVI.01790-18

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional activity of the CD11b+ CD57− CD161+ Siglec-7+ subpopulation of CD56dim CD16+ NK cell subset. (A) Frequency of IFN-γ producing NK cells with or without stimulation with IL-12/IL-18. + and − above the horizontal line indicate whether stimulation was added; + and − below the horizontal line indicate the expression of indicated marker on gated CD56dim CD16+ NK cell subpopulation. (B) Frequency of degranulating NK cells as measured by CD107a analysis during stimulation with or without coculture of K562 target cells. + and − above the horizontal line indicate whether stimulation was added; + and − below the horizontal line indicate the expression of the indicated marker on the gated CD56dim CD16+ NK cell subpopulation. Each color-filled point represents an individual subject, and horizontal lines represent the group medians. Significance was calculated using a Friedman’s test (paired) with a post hoc Dunn’s test. P values were adjusted by multiplying by the number of comparisons made (Bonferroni correction). n.s., no significant difference; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005.

Article Snippet: After being rested overnight at 37°C and 5% CO 2 , 2 × 10 5 NK cells were plated in individual wells of a 96-well flat bottom plate and stimulated with either cytokines (10 ng/ml IL-12 [BioLegend] plus 100 ng/ml IL-18 [BioLegend]) or K562 cells (10:1 effector/target ratio) for 5 h at 37°C and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Functional Assay, Activity Assay, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Exosomal Surface Protein Detection with Quantum Dots and Immunomagnetic Capture for Cancer Detection

doi: 10.3390/nano11071853

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the QD-based EXO assay ( a ), and characterization of EXOs ( b ), and QDs ( c – e ). EXOs were captured from biofluids with MB via CD81 monoclonal antibodies. Targeted surface cancer marker was recognized with primary antibody and then detected with secondary antibody-conjugated QD655. Signals were measured with fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify the QDs and correspondingly the surface protein markers on EXOs. ( b ) SEM image of plasma exosomes from a BC patient. ( c ) Absorption spectrum and ( d ) emission spectrum of IgG-QD655. ( e ) DLS characterization of the hydrodynamic size of IgG-QD655 and MB.

Article Snippet: Anti-rabbit CD81 antibody was purchased from Boster Biological Technology (Pleasanton, CA, USA).

Techniques: Bioprocessing, Marker, Fluorescence, Spectroscopy, Clinical Proteomics